What is ‘data’ or ‘variable’? Ø Data is a set of values of qualitative or quantitative variables. Ø In biostatistics (also in statistics) data are the individual observations. Ø The scientific investigations involve observations on variables. Ø The observations made on these variables are obtained in the form of ‘data’. […]
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Phase Contrast Microscopy – Optical Components, Working Principle and Applications (Short Notes with PPT)
Working Principle of an Ordinary Microscope: In an ordinary microscope, the object is viewed due to differences in colour intensities of the specimen. To create the colour intensities, the specimen is first stained with suitable dyes which will impart specific colour. In an ordinary microscope, the contrast is obtained when […]
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Titration Curve of a Weak Acid and its pKa (Biochemistry Notes)
What is Titration? Titration is a method to determine the concentration of a dissolved substance (analyte or titrand) in a known volume by reacting it with another substance of known concentration and volume (titrant). The volume of the reactants plays a crucial role in the titration and thus the titration […]
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Proton Hopping in Water (Grotthuss Mechanism)
Proton Hopping in water is the process of diffusion of protons (H⁺ ions) through the network of hydrogen-bonded water molecules in the liquid water. Proton hopping is also called as Grotthuss mechanism, named after the discoverer Theodor Grotthuss. The net result of proton hopping is the fast movement of H⁺ […]
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How to Calculate pH and pKa of a Buffer Using Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation?
How to Calculate pH and pKa of a Buffer using Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation? Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is a numerical expression which relates the pH, pKa and Buffer Action of a buffer. A buffer is a solution which can resist the change in pH. Chemically, a buffer is a solution of equimolar concentration […]
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