Nucleotide Biosynthesis (De-novo & Salvage Synthesis of Purine & Pyrimidine Nucleotides in the Cells)

“The formation of DNA’s structure by Watson and Crick may turn out to be the greatest developments in the field of molecular genetics in recent years” Linus Pauling, 1953 Purines (Adenine & Guanine) and pyrimidines (Thymine, Cytosine & Uracil) are the two classes of nucleotides which forms the nucleic acids (DNA […]

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Enzyme Specificity (Biochemistry Lecture Notes)

.“There is more to life than increasing its speed…” (Mahatma Gandhi) Enzymes are biological catalysts. They accelerate the rate of metabolic reactions in the cells by reducing the activation energy of the reactants. Almost all enzymes are specialized proteins with definite structural conformations. Important characteristic features of enzyme are: […]

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Enzyme Immobilization Methods and Applications (Biotechnology Lecture Notes)

Methods & Applications of Enzyme & Whole Cell Immobilization (Advantages and Disadvantages of Enzyme Immobilization; Matrix/Supports Used in Enzyme Immobilization) What is enzyme immobilization? Immobilization is defined as the imprisonment of cell or enzyme in a distinct support or matrix. The support or matrix on which the enzymes are immobilized allows […]

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Biochemistry of Plasma Membrane Lipids: Properties, Structure and Classification (Biochemistry Lecture Notes)

“Good fences make good neighbors” Robert Frost, “Mending Wall”, 1914 Biological membrane system: Biological membranes are highly dynamic two layers thick sheath like structures formed by the non-covalent assemblage of lipids, proteins and carbohydrates. They form closed boundaries between different compartments of the cells such as separation of nucleoplasm from the […]

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Why the pH of water is 7?

What is pH? ⊗. pH is defined as the negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration in a medium. ⊗. For example, if you are saying a solution with pH 6.5, it means that the concentration of H+ ions in that solution expressed in negative logarithmic term is 6.5. ⊗. pH […]

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