Methods of Phylogenetic Analysis Understanding evolutionary relationships requires accurate analytical tools. Therefore, scientists use structured tree-building approaches to study species history. This article of Methods of Phylogenetic Analysis explains three major methods: Maximum Parsimony (MP), Maximum Likelihood (ML), and Bayesian Inference (BI). Although all three reconstruct evolutionary trees, they differ […]
Maximum Likelihood Phylogeny Explained Simply with Example Introduction Maximum Likelihood phylogeny is a statistical method used to construct evolutionary trees from DNA data. It selects the tree that has the highest probability of producing the observed sequences under a specific evolutionary model. Therefore, it provides a strong mathematical framework for […]
Bayesian Phylogenetic Inference Explained Simply Introduction Bayesian phylogenetic inference is a powerful statistical method used to estimate evolutionary trees using DNA data. It calculates the probability of a tree being correct based on observed molecular sequences. Therefore, it provides a clear probability-based approach to understanding evolution. Today, this method is […]
Synapomorphy vs Plesiomorphy: Clear Evolution Guide Introduction Synapomorphy vs Plesiomorphy is one of the most important distinctions in evolutionary biology. However, many students confuse these terms. If you study phylogenetics, taxonomy, or systematics, you must understand this difference clearly. These concepts help scientists build accurate evolutionary trees. Therefore, mastering them […]
Author Citation in Taxonomy Author Citation in Taxonomy is an essential part of plant nomenclature. It ensures that every scientific name is complete and verifiable. Therefore, botanists always attach the name of the author who first validly published the taxon. This practice maintains accuracy and avoids confusion. Moreover, it helps […]