Learning objectives: Evolutionary relationships and affinities of Gymnosperms with Pteridophytes and Angiosperms; Similarities and Differences between Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms; Similarities and Differences between Gymnosperms and Angiosperms.
Affinities of Gymnosperms
Ø Gymnosperms are considered as a bridge between Pteridophytes and Angiosperms.
Ø They share many features with Pteridophytes and Angiosperms.
Similarities of Gymnosperms with Pteridophytes
Ø Presence of alternation of generation with dominant sporophytic generation.
Ø The sporophyte is differentiated to roots, stem and leaves.
Ø Leaves of some gymnosperms and ferns show circinate vernation.
Ø Xylem in both groups is devoid of vessels.
Ø Phloem is devoid of companion cells.
Ø Secondary thickening present in fossil Pteridophytes & Gymnosperms.
Ø All gymnosperms and many Pteridophytes show heterospory.
Ø Sporangia are formed on specialized leaves called Sporophyll.
Ø In some gymnosperms, sporangia occurs as groups or as sorus.
Ø In some Gymnosperms, male gametes are flagellated and motile.
Ø Suspensor formation in some Pteridophytes (during embryo development).
Ø Megaspore is retained in the megasporangium in some Pteridophytes.
Ø Several primitive gymnosperms resemble Pteridophytes.
Ø Cycadofilicales (a fossil group) were considered as ferns for a long time and are still called as seed ferns.
Differences between Pteridophyte and Gymnosperm
Affinities of Gymnosperms with Angiosperms
Similarities Gymnosperm with Angiosperm
Ø The sporophyte is differentiated into stem, roots and leaves.
Ø Vascular bundles are conjoined, collateral and open.
Ø Secondary growth is present in gymnosperms and angiosperms.
Ø Vessels and companion cells occurs in some Gymnosperms (Gnetales)
Ø Some Angiosperms are wind-pollinated.
Ø Fertilization is siphonogamous (with the help of pollen tube)
Ø Development of megaspore into female gametophyte takes place inside the megasporangium (Ovule).
Ø Suspensor is formed during embryo development.
Ø Polyembryony is frequent in many Angiosperms.
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Ø In both groups ovules develops into seeds.
Ø Seed germination epigeal or hypogeal.
Ø Sporophytic generation is the prominent generation.
Ø Gametophytic generation is reduced.
Ø Gametophyte completely depends on sporophyte.
Difference between Gymnosperm and Angiosperm
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@. Gymnosperms General Characters
@. Pteridophytes General Characters
@. Gymnosperms Classification by Sporne
@. Gymnosperm Classification by Chamberline
@. Cycadofilicales – Characteristics
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HI
I am a high school student in Maryland. a problem asks the key differences of angiosperm, out of 5 answers, two examples are pollen structure and fruit. answer is pollen structure. My question is that dicot has 3 groves and so it is distinct. But Angio includes mono/dicot. Mono/Dicot pollen structure is significantly different from gymnosperm? Gymno has no flower?
THanks you very much
CHares