Endotoxins vs Exotoxins Microbial toxins are noxious substances produced by the microorganisms such as bacteria and fungi in order to promote their pathogenicity and disease-causing process. The microbial toxins usually destroy the host tissue and they facilitate the infection by disabling the host immune system. A disease that results from […]
Continue ReadingDifference between Sterilization and Disinfection – Comparison Table
Sterilization vs Disinfection Disinfection vs Sterilization: Microbes are present in almost all types of habitats. They are so ubiquitous that the presence of many microbes causes undesirable consequences such as food spoilage and diseases. Thus in many situations, it is mandatory to kill the microbes or inhibit their growth to […]
Continue ReadingDisaccharides: Properties, Structure, Formation and Examples (Short Lecture Notes)
What are Disaccharides? Disaccharides are carbohydrates which contain two covalently linked monosaccharide units. Sucrose, Maltose, Lactose, Trehalose and Cellobiose are naturally occurring disaccharides. The individual monosaccharide units in a disaccharide are called ‘residues’. All disaccharides are soluble in water Glycosidic bonds links monosaccharide units The monosaccharide units in disaccharides (and […]
Continue ReadingMonosaccharides: Definition, Structure, Characteristics, Classification, Examples and Functions
Monosaccharides are Simplest Sugars Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates. They are polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones with a carbon backbone. The carbon backbone in monosaccharides usually consists of 3 – 6 carbon atoms. The simplest monosaccharides are glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone (with 3 carbons). The most abundant monosaccharide in nature is a […]
Continue ReadingDifference between the Cell Wall of Gram Positive and Gram Negative Bacteria
Most of the bacterial cells are surrounded by a thick rigid cell wall. The cell wall provides shape to the cell and protects the bacteria from changes in the osmotic pressure. Peptidoglycan (murein) is the principal component of the bacterial cell wall and it is responsible for the shape and […]
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